El presente escrito analiza algunos lineamientos de la teoría hegeliana del reconocimiento y sus diferentes contextos a la luz de la cuestión del derecho natural y el estado de naturaleza. Específicamente, nos referiremos a los siguientes escritos: el Sistema de la Eticidad, la Filosofía del Espíritu, la Fenomenología del Espíritu y la Filosofía del Derecho.

En este escrito realizaremos un aproximamiento al concepto de naturaleza, desde los primeros filósofos de la Physis hasta el Idealismo de Schelling. Para ello, seguiremos la interpretación que el pensador Merleau-Ponty realiza sobre este concepto a partir de las respuestas de Kant y Schelling al «argumento ontológico» de Descartes.

The Western cultural archetype of Narcissus experiences a significant turning point in the 1400s, thanks to Leon Battista Alberti’s work. Indeed, the myth evolves from being a subject embodying a taboo in the Antiquity to become the glance that generates the image; in so doing this myth assumes the rank of science and philosophy. Alberti does not follow Pliny’s reading of Ovid’s Metamorphosis, but handles Philostratus’s version; with his visual description he represents in the “Eikones” the darting glance towards the (...) water. The rendering of this image anticipates the notion of centric ray, on which Alberti establishes his perspective’s theory based on the diaphanous nature of “velum”. The art of painting is compared to an “open vitreous and translucent window”. Narcissus does not see the water, so to say, but the image, as well as the painting’s observer instantly grasps the iconic value of it, rather than the material support. Because of this immediacy, the art of painting becomes the terrain of revelation: it makes clear the emerging progressive visibility of “something”, thus concurring with philosophy; better, the art of painting overtakes philosophy with the simple representation of polysemous complexities. This is the new art of painting, in which “there is nothing that is not philosophy”. Furthermore, in this synthetic role of representation in which the icon becomes all one with the spectator – in addition to the centric ray and to the orthogonality of the vision, topics already analyzed by the author in previous studies – consists an outstanding resemblance between Alberti and Cusanus. The two philosophers show their synergy in exploring a new anthropology. From this point of view can be read Alberti’s explanation, often misinterpreted, of Narcissus’ transformation into a flower: a synthesis between “imaginatio” and “executio”, or inactiveness versus activeness. Among all Narcissus’ portrayals of that time, it would be useful to consider the Pseudo Boltraffio’s version of London; this rendering applies thematically Alberti’s theory in its essential aspects, introducing it within Leonardo Da Vinci’s circle of artists. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Ovid, Art, and Eros PAUL BAROLSKY OVIDIO, AMORI, miti e altre storie or Ovid: Loves, Myths, and Other Stories is the copiously illustrated catalogue to the monumental exhibition mounted in 2008–2009 at the Scuderie del Quirinale, in Rome, in celebration of the great Roman poet and his world. This handsome tome is many books in one: a beautiful album of color plates illustrating a wide range of fascinating (...) objects, an overview of Ovid’s life, works and influences—a book for amateurs and specialists alike, a book to delight and instruct. The book includes paintings and sculpture but also pottery, coins, and jewelry. There is something for everybody here. Ovidio is divided into relatively brief sections written by numerous scholars who treat such topics as Ovid and myth, Ovid the love poet, Ovid in exile, Ovid and Augustan Rome, Ovid and the figurative arts, and Ovid in the seventeenth century. The book’s attention to illustrated editions of Metamorphoses, and especially the Ovide moralisé, is notable and refreshing. I think it fair to say that the exhibition and its catalogue are, not surprisingly, dominated by Metamorphoses and the ways in which artists illustrated its stories over the centuries. The myths of Venus and Adonis, Narcissus and Echo, Icarus and Daedalus, and Jupiter and Europa are among the numerous Ovidian stories that get extensive treatment here. We need to recall that no ancient author in the Hellenic tradition is so copiously illustrated as is Ovid—a fact that is Ovidio, amori, miti e altre storie, ed Francesca Ghedini et al. Rome 2018, 310 pages; isbn 9788856906486; €33.15. arion 27.2 fall 2019 easily taken for granted. A consummate story teller, Ovid inspired the pictorial tales of Poussin, Rubens, Rembrandt, and Velázquez, among other masters. Often in this book, works of mythological art are seen in the context of Ovid, even when there is no specific association between image and text. Such is the case when, for example, we encounter the well-known Praxitelean Aphrodite pudica in the Uffizi which inspired Botticelli’s similar Aphrodite now in the Musei Reali of Turin. There is nothing that links the statue and the painting to Ovid other than the fact that their makers, like the poet, write about the goddess of love. Ever so many mythological works suggest the arousal of desire. The Praxitelean Aphrodite modestly covers her body with both of her hands. Understandably, since according to an ancient tale, a young man was so aroused by the statue that he left a stain upon her. In short, we are in the realm of erotic art. The Hellenistic statue of Leda and the Swan in the archeology museum of Venice is an excellent example of erotic art featured in this book, even though Leda is mentioned only in passing in Metamorphoses. She seems to swoon in rapture as the bird (Jupiter in avian guise) slithers between her legs, beak seeking lips. Scarcely resisting, Leda reaches ambiguously downward as if in search of something, and we can well imagine what that might be. That her lower hand is invisible contributes to its suggestiveness. Leda’s upper hand is pressed against the swan’s sinuous neck, by no means a gesture of resist170 ovid, art, and eros Figure 1: Leda and the Swan. Venice, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, 2018. Eric Vandeville / akg-images. ance, I believe, even though in the myth she is taken by force. What we see is what the Ovid catalogue calls a “voluptuous amplexus.” The story of Leda and the Swan is forever told by painters in various erotic ways. When, later in the Renaissance, Correggio pictures the momentous event he shows the swan mounting Leda who, in this case, receives the bird in a seated position. As the bird engages the nymph, feathers pressed against her inner thigh, the swan, as in the ancient statue, seeks out her mouth with his beak—a juxtaposition as phallic as it is oral. The Leonardesque smile of Leda betokens not fear or violence but pleasure—a decidedly carnal pleasure. In a different context, Vasari wrote that Correggio painted not colors but flesh. When Leonardo himself pictured Leda, he delicately rendered the... (shrink)

Since it was inspired by Bernard and developed and named by Cannon, the conceptof homeostasis has been invoked by many as the central theoretical framework for physiology. Ithas also been the target of numerous criticisms that have elicited the introduction of a plethoraof alternative concepts. We argue that many of the criticisms actually target the more restrictiveaccount of homeostasis advanced by the cyberneticists. What was crucial to Bernard and Cannonwas a focus on the maintenance of the organism as the goal (...) of physiological regulation. We analysehow Bernard’s and Cannon’s broad conception of what was required to maintain the organismwas narrowed to negative feedback, characterized in terms of setpoints, by the cyberneticistsand demonstrate how many of the alternative concepts challenge the role of setpoints – treatingthem as variable in light of circumstances or in anticipation of future circumstances, or asdispensable altogether. To support our analysis, we draw on the experimental and theoreticalwork on thermoregulation, a phenomenon that has been considered as a paradigmatic example ofhomeostasis and has been a common focus of those advancing alternative concepts. To integratethe insights advanced by the original proponents of homeostasis and the theorists proposingreplacement notions we advance a framework in which regulation is viewed from the perspectiveof maintaining the organism. (shrink)

The effects of state ownership on firms’ outcomes depend on how governments influence the goals of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Yet scant scholarly attention has been devoted to understanding what circumstances shape governmental influence on SOEs’ corporate social performance (CSP). Addressing this gap is important because SOEs are becoming increasingly more hybrid, and must thus balance multiple private and public stakeholders’ financial and social goals. We contend that, compared to non-SOEs, SOEs face additional institutional and legitimacy pressures that lead them to (...) act in socially responsible ways, resulting in higher social and environmental CSP. However, these pressures are moderated by two other factors that determine the strength of governmental influence: whether the state has a majority shareholding and the incumbent government’s political ideology. We examine a 12-year panel of 150 Brazilian listed firms, including 41 SOEs, and demonstrate that state ownership is positively associated with the social dimension of CSP but only when the state is the majority shareholder, and thus able to strongly influence SOEs’ goals. Moreover, the more right-leaning the government, the weaker becomes the moderating effect of majority state ownership. This is because political ideology determines how governments influence the tradeoffs between SOEs’ economic and social goals. (shrink)

Resumo: O texto que tecemos e aqui apresentamos constitui, em síntese, uma resposta à provocante pergunta de Platão o que é cuidar de si? As respostas que oferecemos consistem em traços da nossa proposta de compreensão de filosofia que se efetiva enquanto um exercício espiritual, que, por sua vez, sustenta a hipótese do filosofar enquanto um modo de viver. Para tanto, da filosofia grega, explicitaremos o exercício do cultivo de si corporificado em Sócrates e, por parte da filosofia oriental, analisaremos (...) o personagem Musashi. Ambos personificam a opção por um estilo de vida filosófica e modo de ser - o primeiro, pelas veredas do diálogo, o segundo, pela vivência - e assinalam a necessidade da evolução espiritual da alma, mediante vida contemplativa. Consequentemente, além de explorar a enorme proximidade entre uma linha filosófica grega e a tradição oriental, fundamentaremos o solo comum do pensamento enquanto exercício ético.: The text we present here is an answer to Plato's provoking question "What is it to care for oneself?" The answers we provide are aspects of our proposal for understanding philosophy as something that is realized as a spiritual exercise; this understanding, for its part, supports the hypothesis of philosophy as a way of life. Starting with Greek philosophy we will make explicit the exercise of the cultivation of the self embodied in Socrates; then, turning to Eastern philosophy, we shall examine the character of Musashi. Both personify the option for a style of philosophical life and way of being - the first through paths of dialogue, the second through experience - and highlight the necessity of the spiritual evolution of the soul by means of a contemplative life. Consequently, in addition to exploring the great proximity between the Greek and the Eastern philosophical traditions, we will find common ground between them in thought as ethical exercise. (shrink)

Matthew Leisinger (2020) argues that previous interpretations of John Locke’s account of akrasia (or weakness of will) are mistaken and offers a new interpretation in their place. In this essay, we aim to recapitulate part of this debate, defend a previously articulated interpretation by responding to Leisinger’s criticisms of it, and explain why Leisinger’s own interpretation faces textual and philosophical problems that are serious enough to disqualify it as an accurate reconstruction of Locke’s views. In so doing, we aim to (...) shed further light on Locke’s views on the various ways in which humans are prone to err in their pursuit of happiness. (shrink)

La filosofía moral kantiana ha sido criticada por su compromiso con el rigorismo moral. Esta crítica está basada en la posición kantiana respecto a la mentira; específicamente, se deriva de la afirmación de Kant de que es un deber ser veraces incluso con el asesino que llega a casa preguntando por el paradero del amigo refugiado. Este artículo tiene un carácter enteramente expositivo y tiene el objetivo de reconstruir y examinar la posición de Kant frente a la mentira para determinar (...) si la acusación rigorista está bien fundamentada. Examino tres fuentes: Lecciones de ética (§1.1), “Sobre un supuesto derecho a mentir por filantropía” (§1.2) y Metafísica de las costumbres (§1.3). De este examen comparativo, concluyo que no existe evidencia textual que demuestre que Kant defienda categóricamente el deber de ser veraces en el caso del asesino en la puerta, de manera que la acusación de rigorismo que pesa en contra de la filosofía moral kantiana, al menos en lo que respecta a este caso en particular, no parece estar bien fundamentada. (shrink)

We review different studies of the Periodic Law and the set of chemical elements from a mathematical point of view. This discussion covers the first attempts made in the 19th century up to the present day. Mathematics employed to study the periodic system includes number theory, information theory, order theory, set theory and topology. Each theory used shows that it is possible to provide the Periodic Law with a mathematical structure. We also show that it is possible to study the (...) chemical elements taking advantage of their phenomenological properties, and that it is not always necessary to reduce the concept of chemical elements to the quantum atomic concept to be able to find interpretations for the Periodic Law. Finally, a connection is noted between the lengths of the periods of the Periodic Law and the philosophical Pythagorean doctrine. (shrink)

This paper proposes that we read a late work of Georg Lukács, The Ontology of Social Being, as an indispensable contribution to ontological investigation in general and particularly to the understanding of social reality. As the ontology of Lukács tends not to be familiar even to those who have foregrounded ontological issues in recent decades, it seems to be extremely fruitful to bring it into discussion. Comparing the analysis of Lukács with the ontology of critical realism, we argue that it (...) is not only possible to identify obvious convergences but also to shed light on many questions that still demand a proper treatment from an ontological perspective. (shrink)

Neste artigo, pretendemos defender a tese segundo a qual julgamentos sociais se iniciam com a percepção emocional e com o processamento de informações emocionais no reconhecimento de expressões faciais. Para tanto, revisaremos modelos que discutem (i) os mecanismos pelos quais as expressões faciais são codificadas para transmitir informações e ser percebidas pelos outros, (ii) os mecanismos perceptivos de decodificação e categorização de expressões faciais e, por fim, (iii) os mecanismos pelos quais o reconhecimento de expressões faciais geram respostas emocionais e (...) ajustes comportamentais e, por fim, (iv) a eficiência de nosso sistema perceptual na decodificação desses processos. Com essa discussão, nossa intenção é a de (i) explicitar em que sentido nossa percepção emocional de expressões faciais é u m dos principais mecanismos evolutivos de regulação da vida e que (ii) o processamento de informações emocionais é um poderoso instrumento para assegurar a sobrevivência e sustentar razoáveis interações sociais. (shrink)

The goal of this article is to contribute to the development of an interdisciplinary political theory across a conceptual link between Aristotle’s political philosophy and complex systems theory. Aristotelian doctrine of the wisdom of the multitude is connected with the concept of emergence belong..

The article explains the relationship between formal education and cog- nitive development in chapter 6 of Vygostky’s Thought and Language, “The development of scientific concepts in childhood; the design of a working hypothesis”. Subsequently, it frames the proposal of Vygotsky in Annette Karmiloff-Smith’s theory of cognitive development. The thesis is that formal education is fundamental in the child’s mental develop- ment because it enables the child to become aware of spontaneous thin- king, that is, to recognize spontaneous thinking as a (...) particular instance of a more general and abstract thought, namely, the scientific thought. Fina- lly, I set up objections to this thesis and suggest that Vygotsky’s position is not incompatible with current research on conceptual development, but complements it. (shrink)

Artificial intelligence is a current tool that is used in different areas of the human life with the purpose of facilitating and directing the processes in distinct sceneries of society. This research aimed to use AI as an educational resource in teaching and learning process in the area of biology for students at the Adventist School CEA Cambulos in the city of Cali. A qualitative research methodology was used, with data collection techniques such as observation and interviews, presenting an action (...) research approach. The main results were the potential of AI to enhance learning, the disposition of students to learn through it, and the need for training in the educational sector for its inclusive use and achieving responsible and effective results. That is how it is considered the challenge of reflecting the imminent arrival of AI in the student context and being prepared to be part of the transformation that can be generated in pedagogical processes. (shrink)

Además del desafío propiamente jurídico que plantean la interamericanización del derecho y los proyectos que propugnan por un constitucionalismo transformador de las desigualdades sociales y políticas que aquejan a los países de la región, se plantean retos de naturaleza política. Sobresalen la inclusión social y la debida representación política. Dentro de los retos filosóficos se encuentra la depuración de conceptos que sofistiquen y precisen las categorías con las cuales describimos nuevos fenómenos en América Latina.

This essay proposes to analyze the analytic philosopher Jonathan Bennett's interpretation about attribute's definition on the first part of Spinoza's Ethics, considering that such an interpretation, differing from others, attempts to coherently explain the role played by 'understanding' on the definition just mentioned.

The objective of this research has been to evaluate the effect of the integration of Artificial Intelligence on the motivation of students, in the area of Chemistry of tenth grade of the Adventist School of Ibagué. To this end, a methodology with a qualitative approach and a Participatory Action Research design with four phases were used: planning, action, observation and reflection. The information was collected through observation and interview techniques for which field diaries and structured script were used as research (...) instruments. This information was analyzed with the Atlas.ti 23 software, the resulting codes allowed the definition of the categories: experience in the use of artificial intelligence, motivation and commitment, meaningful learning and perceptions about teaching and learning. The results obtained reflect an increase in student motivation and engagement, as well as a favorable impact on meaningful learning. They highlight the pedagogical potential of this resource, to diversify and enrich didactics in the teaching of chemistry. A positive perception by students towards the implementation of AI in the classroom was identified. It is concluded that the use of AI mediated with the design of pedagogical strategies to create learning environments and situations can improve the motivation of students, generating a space for knowledge and meaningful learning. However, challenges were also identified, such as the need for teacher and student training in the management and proper use of technological resources. In addition, the importance of not considering artificial intelligence as a total replacement for the role of the teacher, but as a complementary tool that requires an adequate pedagogical approach, is highlighted. (shrink)

O trabalho investiga em que medida a intencionalidade do autor, oculta no texto, deve ser perscrutada pelo leitor ao interpretar, tendo em vista que, na ausência do autor durante o ato de leitura, a intenção do próprio texto se sobrepõe à do autor. Para tanto, recorreremos, principalmente, a passagens de duas obras de Paul Ricoeur, Do texto à ação e Tempo e narrativa.

Las emociones son sin duda un campo de creciente interés y estudio. Sin embargo, son experiencias complejas que incluyen diferentes problemas. Precisamente esta variedad de perspectivas exige mantener el equilibrio de los enfoques y, sobre todo, su orden. La fenomenología ilumina ese orden mediante la descripción de las experiencias emotivas.

This essay aims to shed new light on the theoretical pertinence of classical Indian logic and epistemology in Benedetto Croce's criticism of Western Aristotelian and modern logic. As a matter of fact, Croce gave a positive and extraordinarily enterprising evaluation of “Indian Logic” in his review of Hermann Jacobi's Indische Logik (1905) and in his book Logic as the Science of the Pure Concept (1996 [1909]). Yet Croce's significant and considerable evaluation of “Indian Logic” has remained neglected until today. This (...) essay tries to clear the field of some prejudices that misled scholarly research on Croce and Indian philosophy, and it glosses in detail the “neglected” judgment on “Indian Logic” in Croce's Logic. In doing so, it critically discusses some epistemological questions starting from Croce's philosophy, such as the character of “natural induction,” the relationship between language and thought, and the connection between historical languages and logical forms. (shrink)

Este trabalho examina as ideias filosóficas de contingência, correlacionismo e realidade, com foco nas críticas formuladas por Slavoj Žižek e Markus Gabriel ao projeto de Quentin Meillassoux. Žižek destaca uma crítica à absolutização da contingência em Meillassoux, argumentando que o filósofo não consegue verdadeiramente superar o correlacionismo kantiano. Žižek, ao contrário, defende a correlação transcendental como parte integrante da própria coisa em si, enfatizando a importância de entender a relação entre como as coisas são em si mesmas e como aparecem (...) para um sujeito. Por outro lado, Markus Gabriel contribui ao enfatizar os modos de apresentação na constituição da realidade. Ele aborda a ideia de que a diferença entre como as coisas são em si mesmas e como são apresentadas é constitutiva da realidade. Gabriel explora a diversidade de modos pelos quais a realidade se manifesta, destacando a complexidade da relação entre sujeito e objeto. O texto também aborda a crítica de Žižek ao projeto meillassouxiano de buscar o em si lá fora, defendendo que a contingência não é apenas um aspecto externo à subjetividade, mas também inerente ao próprio sujeito como um corte no circuito da causalidade natural. Ao longo do artigo, são evidenciadas as divergências e contribuições desses filósofos, proporcionando uma análise aprofundada das relações entre contingência, correlação e a natureza fundamental da realidade. A interseção dessas críticas fornece uma perspectiva de leitura sobre os desafios e implicações da abordagem de Meillassoux no cenário filosófico contemporâneo. (shrink)

O objetivo deste ensaio é conceptualizar maquinaria experiencial a partir da teoria de Maturana e Varela (TMV) e apresentar a máquina de Turing Enativa (MTE) como Turing-completa e como modelo central do conceito de maquinaria experiencial. A TMV encontra hoje velhos e novos interlocutores, como respectivamente o representacionalismo cognitivista e o enativismo jona¬siano. Divergindo de ambos, partimos da TMV que, baseada na fenomenologia da biologia, visou explicações generativas da cognição, a exemplo da máquina autopoiética apresentada pelos autores. Eles descrevem que (...) se trata de um me¬canismo explicativo capaz de gerar os fenômenos investigados, capaz mesmo de gerar fenômenos de autoconsciência. Neste caso, chamamos aqui estes me¬canismos generativos da autoconsciência de maquinaria experiencial. Por uma análise fenomenológica do ato de calcular defendemos a máquina de Turing (MT) como uma maquinaria experiencial. Por fim, apresentamos a MTE como resultado da isomorfia entre a máquina autopoiética e a MT. Palavras-chave: Experiência. Cognição. Enação. Computação. Máquina de Turing. (shrink)

Palabras de agradecimiento al promotor del Congreso Internacional y a los participantes en él. Asimismo, a la persona que ha trabajado en la labor de transcripción de mis escritos y a otros colaboradores míos. También a quienes han tomado en cuenta mis ideas para elaborar sus tesis doctorales, y a otros colegas cuyos planteamientos filosóficos distan de los míos. Como la filosofía es una actividad interminable, queda abierta la sucesiva investigación en mis propuestas.

The Philippine government officially responded to the Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and the related WHO Guidelines on organ transplantation by prohibiting all transplants to foreigners using Filipino organs. However, local tourists have escaped the regulatory radar, leaving a very wide gap in efforts against human trafficking and transplant tourism. Authorities need to deal with the situation seriously, at a minimum, by issuing clear procedures for verifying declarations of kinship or emotional bonds between donors and recipients. Foreigners who come (...) to the country for transplants with same-nationality donors constitute a problem that is replicated in many transplant centers around the world. Also, emotionally related living donors continue to pose challenges for ethics committees, especially because of the realities associated with the existence of extended families. Those who find themselves facing these issues need to be armed with clear protocols for going through the process of verifying documents and individual declarations assiduously. There is also a need for international referral mechanisms at least to ensure that governments are aware when their citizens travel for transplant so they can take steps they consider suitable to address the vulnerabilities of exploited persons. (shrink)

Humans typically combine linguistic and nonlinguistic information to comprehend emotions. We adopted an emotion identification Stroop task to investigate how different channels interact in emotion communication. In experiment 1, synonyms of “happy” and “sad” were spoken with happy and sad prosody. Participants had more difficulty ignoring prosody than ignoring verbal content. In experiment 2, synonyms of “happy” and “sad” were spoken with happy and sad prosody, while happy or sad faces were displayed. Accuracy was lower when two channels expressed an (...) emotion that was incongruent with the channel participants had to focus on, compared with the cross-channel congruence condition. When participants were required to focus on verbal content, accuracy was significantly lower also when prosody was incongruent with verbal content and face. This suggests that prosody biases emotional verbal content processing, even when conflicting with verbal content and face simultaneously. Implications for multimodal communication and language evolution studies are discussed. (shrink)

Displayed on school walls during holidays, attached to floats and triumphal arches in processions, emblems played a part in all public events organized by the Jesuits in the 17th century. These verbal-iconographic compositions, which were used to illustrate the principal themes of the ceremony, were not a mere period detail or an ornamental device but constituted a means of expression which, by virtue of the particular relations governing the association of text and image, mobilized complex rhetorical, moral, and spiritual elements (...) simultaneously. By associating an image - seen as the “body” - with a textual element (inscriptio et subscriptio) - the “soul” - the emblem-maker sought to achieve a unity of meaning in which the two forms of communication complemented each other: it is precisely the way in which the two elements are connected, and the laws that regulate their composition, that constitutes the foundation of the language of the emblem. This language, which is used in a corresponding manner in a variety of other symbolic compositions (devices, hieroglyphs, symbols, coats of arms, medals, etc.), is based on the rhetorical operations of the metaphor, applied here as a model both for the word, with its mimetic properties, and for figurative codes. However, the metaphor, as a product of human ingenuity, is not only situated at the crossroads of a system of thought crystallized in a great number of inventions, but also bears witness to an ornamental aesthetic, typical of the 17th century's aristocratic culture and social rituals. While there does exist a vast bibliography of materials on the function and role of metaphor in Baroque culture, questions nevertheless remain about the numerous cultural practices to which the Baroque gave rise and the particular processes that the 17th century brought into play. My intention here is not to resolve all such questions but rather to provide an analytical framework by focusing my observations on emblematic compositions produced in the scholastic milieu of the Society of Jesus. (shrink)

La notoria importancia que Eckhart da al desapego de las cosas (Gelassenheit) podría sugerir que el místico alemán desdeña la vida activa. Inversamente, Eckhart entiende que el desasimiento respecto de las creaturas es perfectamente compatible con la acción e incluso interpreta, de un modo opuesto a..